I wonder if any of the aluminum rpk gas covers on the market work on the vepr? Height: 3.4 in. . Powered by Invision Community, http://rapidfiretek.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/P1040508.jpg. Add to Cart. The Tuff Zone Saiga 12ga Handguard System will not work with the Saiga .223. Panerai Replica 5.5mm trunnions can be found in the SGL (Saiga) rifles and on the new KUSA KP-9 & KR-9, not to mention . Product Details. The patented recoil suppression system utilizes a heavy duty spring and aluminum shaft mechanism to allow up to 3/4" of of the pistol grip upon discharge, the felt impact is greatly reduced allowing for quicker follow up shots, reduced fatigue and improved accuracy. Learn More MAG538 . Regular Price: . All of your favorite gun accessories in one website! Used with the CSS and factory forearms to secure to the Gas Block. Fits: AR-15. It is really good to see more products for the Vepr lineup, and as long as you like, rock it. CAROLINA SAIGA 12 EXTENDED QUAD RAIL (New Toprail Extends over Dustcover for Optic), SAIGA 12, KS 12, LYNX 12 COMPETITION HANDGUARD 7OZ and 14" by CSS - Aircraft Grade 6061 AL - M-LOK Compatible, CAROLINA SAIGA 12 TACTICAL BILLET QUAD-RAIL, Texas Weapons Dog Leg Rail GEN 3 for SAIGA 12 #33318, SAIGA 12, KS 12, LYNX 12 COMPETITION HANDGUARD 5OZ and 10" by CSS - Aircraft Grade 6061 AL - M-LOK Compatible, CAROLINA SAIGA 12/410 TACTICAL BILLET EXTENDED TOP RAIL (Extends Over Dustcover for Optic), CAROLINA SAIGA 12 TACTICAL BILLET TRI-RAIL, ULTIMAK SCOPE MOUNT-SAIGA 12, 20 ULTIMAK GAS TUBE RAIL "FIXED SIGHT VERSION", CAROLINA SAIGA 410 AR STYLE ALUMINUM FOREARM "VENTED SLOTS", SGM TACTICAL SAIGA 410 FOREARM/HANDGUARD - QUAD-RAIL, SGM TACTICAL SAIGA 410 FOREARM/HANDGUARD - TRI-RAIL, CAROLINA SAIGA 12/410 TACTICAL BILLET TOP RAIL, CSS SIGHT RAIL MOUNT FOR ALL SAIGA SHOTGUNS (Fits Saiga Variants too), GREAT PRICE!!! Based on the ubiquitous Kalashnikov design the shotgun is manufactured in Russia at the Izhmash factory. Free Shipping Info. The mounting system allows for easy installation on any standart, AK models and Saiga shotguns and rifles with a, SGM Tactical Vepr 12 Gauge 25 Round Drum - SGMTV1225D, Vepr 12 Gauge KeyMod Rail System V12 Apollo Chaos, Saiga 12 & Vepr 12 Elevated Steel Front Sight, ATI AR-15 Mini Replica KIT 1/3 scale non-firing model - A.8.10.0054, Collimator Ultra Sight PK-06 Red Dot Weaver Mount, UTG Leapers Gen 2 Flashlight / GREEN Laser Combo with Integral Mount - LT-ELP39Q-A, UTG Leapers Ultra Slim Foregrip M-LOK Matte Black - MT-FGM01X, UTG Leapers Super Slim Vertical Foregrip Picatinny - MT-FGP01, UTG Leapers Ultra Slim Foregrip Picatinny Matte Black - MT-FGP01X, UTG Leapers AR-15 Extended Car Length Drop-in Quad Rail - MTU015, UTG Leapers PRO 8-Slot Keymod Picatinny Rail Section, Black - MTURS04M, UTG Leapers PRO 4-Slot Keymod Picatinny Rail Section, Black - MTURS04S, UTG Leapers Single Point Bungee Sling with QD Sling Swivel - PVC-GB507B, UTG Leapers Compact Foregrip KeyMod Polymer Matte Black - RB-FGK01, UTG Leapers Compact Foregrip M-LOK Polymer Matte Black - RB-FGM01, UTG Leapers Ergonomic Ambidextrous Vertical Foregrip Black - RB-FGRP168B, UTG Leapers Ambidextrous 5-position Foldable Foregrip Black - RB-FGRP170B, UTG Leapers Ambidextrous Combat Foregrip Symmetric Contour Black - RB-FGRP172B, UTG Leapers Low Profile Max Security Rubber Rail Grip Guard, 12pcs - Black - RB-HP12B-B, UTG Leapers Low Profile Max Security Rubber Rail Grip Guard, 12pcs - Dark Earth - RB-HP12D-B, UTG Leapers AR-15 / M4 Style Stock Kit PRO Model 4 Ops Ready S2 Mil-spec - RBUS2BM, UTG Leapers Model 4 Ops Ready S3 Mil-spec AR-15/M4 Style Stock Kit - Black - RBUS3BM, UTG Leapers 3X Magnifier with Flip-to-side QD Mount, W/E Adjustable - SCP-MF3WEQS, UTG Leapers Heavy Duty Recon 360 Bipod Cent Ht: 6.69"-9.12 - TL-BP01-A, UTG Leapers Recon Flex KeyMod Bipod Cent. Click to Order. AK/AKM HANDGUARD RETAINER & GAS TUBE LEVER WRENCH. Not too concerned with the lack of side mounts for rails with the railed gas block out there but its hard to justify that $130 LHG purchase with the molot assembly and the chaos quad out there! . All Accessories Free Shipping Specials Vepr-12 DDI-12 Saiga Kits Dark Earth Accessories Saiga-12 Saiga-20 Saiga .410 Saiga 7.62 x 39 Saiga 5.45 Saiga .223 Materials: 6061 Aluminum Alloy. Elevated Steel Front Sight for Saiga-12 & Vepr-12 shotgun, AR-15 Mini Replica 1/3 scale, non-firing model. CSS AK47/AK74/AKM Stockset - Handguard (with Heat Shield), Warsaw Stock, Pistol Grip - OD Green. Close to View Results Filter. You will find we have ATI Saiga aftermarket conversion stock kits and parts to upgrade your Saiga 12 shotguns, Saiga 7.62x39 rifle accessories, SDS Imports lynx 12 accessories and Vepr 12 accessories. Quest rewards 1 can be obtained as a quest reward from Delivery from the Past. During yesterday's Tokyo Marui's Marufes Online Part 5, Deka and Irodori Mayoi announced a new category --- the Gas Blowback Shotgun category with the introduction of the Tokyo Marui Saiga-12K Gas Blowback Shotgun.. Made of a strong, yet lightweight steel, the PSA Custom AK-47 "Cheese Grater" Handguard is the perfect option for . Tactical Life Gun Magazine: Gun news, gun reviews and gun magazines for gun enthusiasts, military and law enforcement, You use of this website constitutes and manifests your acceptance of our, WATCH NOW: TACTICAL-LIFEs RELOADING ZONE, ENTER TO WIN: Free Gun Friday > Springfield Armory Hellion 5.56 Rifle * Trijicon RMR Red Dot * Black Hills Ammo *, LWRCI IC Discovery: Ready to Shoot DI Rifle Package, The Dan Wesson 1911 Specialist Optics-Ready Pistol in .45 ACP, Vudoo Priest: Double-Stack 1911 Built to Run Hard & Fast, Paint Perfect: Force-On-Force Training with Umarex Glock 17, Garmin Introduces the New Foretrex 801 & 901 Wristop Solutions, Girsan MC 14T: New Tip-Up EDC Pistol Eliminates Slide Racking, Police Sidearms: The Handguns of Americas 10 Largest Departments, VIDEO: Sending Rounds Downrange Shooting the S&W M&P FPC, Top Dog 9s: We Tested 8 of the Best 9mm Self-Defense Rounds, VIDEO: Shooting SilencerCo Switchback 22 Suppressors, Maxxed Six ARC: Shooting the 6mm ATI Omni Hybrid Maxx, Burris Signature LRF 2000 Rangefinder is Small But Mighty, Budget Plinking: The Colt Frontier Scout Single Action Revolver, Fed Up With Fakes: Feds Take on Chinese-Made Silencer Knockoffs, Bulletproof? Does anyone test products anymore?! Muzzle Devices. Mil-spec Stock Molded from Impact Resistant High-strength Polymer in Black. Tapco AK-47 Intrafuse Quad Rail AK Handguard Set - 16625. . You do not have access to www.brownells.com. 25-round Drum for the Vepr-12 shotguns equipped with a FACTORY magwell.These drums are manufactured in the US and count as 3 US made, 922R compliant, parts,therefore, accordingly marked "Made In The USA". Spend $50 on products + and select Free Ground Shipping at checkout !! Nice. This (7) RD 12 gauge shell carrier mounts to the side of the receiver on Mossberg 500 /590 model shotguns. Vented Aluminum Forearm for the Saiga 410. Tuff Zone has been generating superior quality merchandise for a number of years, and the Tuff Zone Saiga 12ga Handguard System is their particular manner of demonstrating how much they are concerned. 12 Gauge Saiga 20 Items SGM Tactical SAIGA Shotgun 5 Rounds Magazine 12 Gauge 2 3/4" Shells Only Polymer. TheBelOMOPOSP 8x42 M6 BDC PROmodel featuresM6-stylecrosshair reticle, Diopter with +3 to -3 adjustment range, PRO adjustment system for more accurate sighting at the target, and adjustable brightness level of reticle's illumination in low light environment. The full length Picatinny rail provides plenty of room for mounting accessories, optics, bipods, lights, lasers, vertical grips, and even less-lethal launchers. Beware of cheap copies! Shotgun Parts. Fits: AK models and Saiga shotguns and rifles with a Monte Carlo style stock. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Features short 430mm barrel. Black Aces Tactical for Saiga 12 - doesn't work due to 3G left side charging handle. Tapco AK-47 Intrafuse Standard Handguard Set . $99.00. R&R Targets supplied one of their Tactical Packages for testing and evaluation. Bike Xpulse 200 4v Hand Guard Protect Hand Shield Plastic+Aluminum Alloy. Broadband Multi-coated Lens to Provide Crystal Clear 3X Image. Heat Resistant PolymerNonslip Rubberized Finish, MADE IN THE USA. Learn More . We sell gun accessories for AR-15s, AR-308s, AR 9MMs / 45ACPs, AK-47s, and more! Whether you need a home defense gun or just a new range toy, if youre in the market for a semi-auto mag-fed 12-gauge, the JTS MS12AK is a decent option. )1x KickLite stock with the recoil reduction system1x Saiga 12 & 20 Tri-rail Forearm with weaver rail system, Dark Earth Kit includes:NO magazines included with this kit (magazine in the photo for demonstration only! Tuff Zone AR-15 Handguardw/ Short Quads Clamp & On KeyMod Free Float, Tuff Zone Gas Tube, Carbine/Pistol/Rifle Length, Tuff Zone AR-10 Handguard w/ Short Quads Clamp, Tuff Zone Shotgun Tri-Rail Barrel Mount fits Up to 26mm, Tuff Zone AR- 15/M4 Charging Handle Assembly w/ Standard Latch, Tuff Zone AR/AK Detachable Folding Carry Handle, Tuff Zone .223 Models Muzzle Brake 1/2x28, Tuff Zone AR-15/M4/M16 Carry Handle Gooseneck Mount, Tuff Zone AR-15/M4/M16 2-Piece Quad Rail Handguard, Tuff Zone Steel Gas Block Fit 0.75in Barrel, Tuff Zone AR-15 Handguard w/3/6 Rails/Slim KeyMod/Steel Barrel Nut and Shims, Tuff Zone Ruger 10/22 Mil-Spec Picatinny Top Rail, Tuff Zone AR-15 12in Handguard w/KeyMod Free Float, Tuff Zone AR-15/M4 Forward Assist Kit w/ Spring & Pin, Tuff Zone Non-Slip Pistol Grip for AK/Galil, Tuff Zone AR-15/ M16 Carry Handle Mount Stanag - 12 Slots, Tuff Zone Gas Block w/ Detachable Weaver Rails, Tuff Zone AR-15/M4 Ejection Port Dust Cover Kit, Tuff Zone Polymer Top Mounted Deployable Iron Sight, Tuff Zone Riser Mount w/Offset See-Through & 14 Slots, Tuff Zone .223 Thread Muzzle Brake w/ 3 Ports, Tuff Zone 5.56/.223 Charging Raptor Style Handle Assembly for AR-15/M4/M17, Most intelligently designed metal handguard system, Guaranteed rock solid fit without damaging gun barrel or gas tube, 30 slots on top rail, 20 slots on both sides and bottom rai. Fits: AK models and Saiga shotguns and rifles with apistol gripinstalled onto the receiver, Fits:AK models andSaiga shotguns and rifles with a Monte Carlo style stock. We offer fast shipping to anywhere in the continental United States of America! Enjoy 40 - 50% reduction in recoil with the patented Kick Lite shotgun stock. Saiga-12 10-round Magazines 6-pack $199.95 shipped 8-pack $259.95 shipped US Made Saiga-12 12-round Magazines 6-pack $269.95 shipped 8-pack $359.95 shipped forum.saiga-12.com Tons of useful info! Cobra EKP-8-02 reflex sight. $9 99 $39.99 . I would recommend contacting the manufacturer directly for compatibility confirmation with your JTS Shotgun. It is true that the M12AK and Saiga-12 are functionally just semi-auto AKs chambered in 12-gauge, but there are several differences between their designs. 12-14 Week Build Time Ship To: DATX 376 Hardy Bottom Rd. Saiga 12 Shotgun Quad Rail - Aluminum - Black $53.99. One apparent difference is the presence of a magazine well on the M12AK. Swiss Replica Watches JTS M12AK. For additional functionality the Gen-3 handguard is also M-LOK compatible. While this is reminiscent of the straight-insert magwells found on Veprs, the M12AK uses rock and lock magazines like the Saiga. Out of stock. Obviously, you get what you pay for, and the general consensus surrounding JTS AK shotguns is that they are decently reliable and have an acceptable fit and finish, but they still fall short of the quality of Russian or American-built examples. You cannot paste images directly. MOE SL Hand Guard, Carbine-Length - AR15/M4 . Save my name and email to use for future comments. TheBelOMO POSP 8x42 WDM6 PROmodel featuresM6-stylecrosshair reticle, Diopter with +3 to -3 adjustment range, PRO adjustment system for more accurate sighting at the target, and adjustable brightness level of reticle's illumination in low light environment. After seeing your post about an aluminum gas tube cover i used google-fu and found this. Recoil Pad for all *Factory* Saiga Shotguns and Rifles that do NOT have a pistol grip. NOTE: Will NOT work with factory Skeleton stock or if your gun already has a pistol grip. Features Optimal Profile (0.375" Saddle Height) for Versatile Accessory Attachments and Modular Applications, UTG Single Point Bungee Sling with QD Sling Swivels. Add the item to your cart and enter coupon code. For more information on JTS, please visit jtsgroup.us. SOK-12 Leapers UTG PRO MTU002 Short Top aluminum handguard (MTU002 S) is a handguard in Escape from Tarkov. Machined from 6061 T6 High Strength aircraft aluminum, with weight reducing cuts that enhance barrel cooling, without sacrificing strength and rigidity. Aluminum Design. Available in Black and Flat Dark Earth. This variant is nearly identical to the standard MS12AK. ATI Saiga rifle tactical stock set with pistol grip and.223 rifle accessories. Simple Slide-on Mounting Deck for Most Solid Installation. Get 10% Off - Subscribe to Our Email List, Toll-Free: +1-800-504-5897 We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! Add to Wishlist | Add to Compare; Mississippi Auto Arms Railed Forearm for Tromix Saiga 12 Shorty. We also offer a wide range of Saiga parts and accessories. Gun Details I have been wondering if the Chaos reauires the removal of the plastic gas tube cover (i certainly hope so), Didnt see that, sorry. 2 piece bracket clamps around your barrel to secure all AK47 style Hand Guards. $259.95 shipped A few things I don't like about it: 2) No provisions (NSF Keys?) contiguous 48 states, DC, and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses. AK shotguns have several notable advantages over more traditional shotgun designs. Home; Shop . Allows you to mount a Red Dot Scope to your Saiga 12, 20 or 410 shotgun. IMAD Motorcycle Parts Universal CNC Aluminum Alloy Quick Release Adjustable Connecting Rod Fit for 22mm Handlebar Chest Protector Bar Handle Bar (Multicolor) . Precision Machined from Aircraft Grade Aluminum with Hard Anodizing Matte Back Finish. These representatives will help ease the extensive licensing and shipping complications associated with purchasing products from our U.S. website. Forend and Handguards. Requested URL: www.brownells.com/gun-parts/rifle-parts/rifle-handguards-parts/saiga-12-gen-3-handguard/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/218.0.456502374 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. AK74/AK100 PT Lock. Toggle navigation. The problem is that as it comes from the factory, the Saiga has some design characteristics that are less than ideal due to importation restrictions placed on the design. Saiga Rifle Handguard. $56.00 SGM Tactical Saiga 12 Gauge Modified Exterior Threaded Shotgun Choke Steel Black $55.00 The Kalashnikov USA KS-12 shotgun is a semi-automatic shotgun, a clone of the Saiga-12 manufactured in the United States by Kalashnikov USA. 1/2"x28 thread pitch. This one-piece aluminum rail chassis will turn your shotgun into an advanced weapons platform. SM adapters utilize the factory rear trunnions and eliminate the need for additional adapters or folding mechs. Free Shipping for Registered Users Orders with a $80 minimum purchase and within the continental United States. Yea ive been lurking quite a bit, just got myself a new v12 a month ago and, as with all new toys, i tend to geek out on any and all info i can get my hands on prior to and post purchase. Made from High Strength Steel with Black Finish. change that ribbed upper to a standard tube (smooth) cover and it may not look to bad. This detachable box magazine is made from super tough high quality polymer and features a 10 round capacity of the heavy duty 7.62x54R cartridges. Shop our large variety of saiga accessories and AK 47 tactical conversion stock kits. Modular flexibility with M-LOK slots. crosshair reticle, Diopter with +3 to -3 adjustment range, PRO adjustment system for more accurate sighting at the target, and adjustable brightness level of reticle's illumination in low light environment. . Allows you to mount a scope or red dot sight. These MIL-STD-1913 rails are made from aircraft grade 6061 aluminum alloy. $19 $16.55. A 10-rd magazine for Ruger 10/22 rifles & carbines. Get 12 Issues a year of the country's best firearms writing. It is true that the M12AK and Saiga-12 are functionally just semi-auto AKs chambered in 12-gauge, but there are several differences between their designs. RUGGED CONSTRUCTION WITH MOLDED IN FINGER GROOVES FOR ADDED COMFORT AND CONTROL. By Clear editor. Locked, stocked, and loaded with a variety of gun accessories! The T-marked rails allow accessories to be removed and replaced with ease. AB-BA Anti-Rotation Pin. Install Leapers UTG Saiga 12 Gauge Tactical Quad Rail System Aluminum Black Install SDS Imports LH-12 Lynx 12 Gauge Shotgun Russian IZ 109 AK shotgunMatthew . Their magazine-fed nature allows for a high ammunition capacity in conjunction with a short barrel, two things which are mutually exclusive in tube-fed designs. MOE SL Hand Guard, Mid-Length - AR15/M4 . ProMag SAIGA Shotgun Magazine 12 Gauge 5 Rounds Polymer Black SAI 01 2.0 $29.97 SGM Tactical Saiga .410 Tri Rail Handguard Polymer Black $69.00 SGM Tactical SAIGA Shotgun 12 Round Magazine 12 Gauge 2-3/4" Shells Only Polymer. Send us you SAIGA-12 and we convert it into a Dissident Arms ready for anything! No inserts. The 6-position collapsible stock makes it easy to shorten the length of pull for smaller framed females and youths, or to extend it for the big guys who just don't want to put up with punishing magnum loads. Hardcoat anodized black These prices are certainly attractive when most other AK shotguns have been going for significantly more. Saiga 12 AK Shotgun Quad Rail Forend Handguard - Aluminum - Black. Used. Saiga Parts Tank Tie for Hero Xpulse 200/200T (Matte Black) . $54 $39.95 Save 65% SVD Buttstock. http://m-gunfire.iai-shop.com/product-eng-1152198309-Gas-tube-overlay-with-RIS-rails-for-the-RPK-type-replicas.html, Looks like it couls be a fun top cover for someone who does not go the way of Chaos. Ruger 10/22 AR-22 Conversion Kit w/ TactLite Stock & 6-Sided Forend AR-22 Ruger 10/22 Kit. Convertible from a standard length of 4-5/8" to a short 3-1/4" 'stubby' grip. Your link has been automatically embedded. The standard MS12AK has been selling for $400 online while the T1 variant has been going for $499. Toggle navigation. Saiga 12 gauge shotgun handguard system with 30 slots on top and 20 slots on each side rail. it is just a plain gas tube. Sign In; Register . QTY. June 28, 2013 in Vepr-12. Black Parkerized finish. to mount optional side rail sections. For Use with Picatinny Rails to Provide Maximum Protection of the Rails and Safeguard Hands. Its a shame it doesnt work because the machining seems great otherwise, and its at Sign up and get exclusive access to promotions, sales events, pre-order sales & more! Unlike Saigas, the M12AKs barrel is not externally threaded for flash hiders, but it is internally threaded to accept Rem choke tubes. The barrel of R&R Targets shotgun displays the saw teeth at the end of the full-length handguard, allowing the gun to be used in a door-breaching role. GREAT PRICE!!! SAI-02 10-round 12x76 magazine for SOK-12 and compatible weapons. Taking the solid design of the Kalashnikov they modify, refinish and insert new parts to make their Saiga a more solid shooter that does not require a separate manual of arms than the AR with which many of you are intimately familiar. One apparent difference is the presence of a magazine well on the M12AK. Description. CSS SAIGA 12, 20 SHOTGUN TACTICAL HANDGUARD - Removable Picatinny Rails, SGM TACTICAL - RIFLE AND SHOTGUN TOP RAIL (FITS SGM TRI-RAIL's), MAGPUL RAIL SLING ATTACHMENT, Quick Detach Sling Mount, Fits Picatinny, Black, MAGPUL M-LOK Offset Light/Optic Mount, 11 or 1 O'Clock Position, Magpul Sling Attachment, Fits M-LOK, Quick Detach, Magpul Sling Attachment, Fits M-LOK, For Clip Style Sling, UTG M-LOK Panel Covers 3.15" - Black 4/Pack, SAIGA 12, AK 47 GALIL STYLE HANDGUARD BRACKET ADAPTER, MAGPUL FOREARM RAIL GUARD - LADDER RAIL COVER. $169.00. I've never taken things this far, but a shorter gas system may in fact help both. What if you wanted to incorporate the best of the AK and AR into your Saiga? Rest assured, you will still benefit from our vast product selection and industry-leading customer service. Designed to fit Mossberg, Winchester and Remington 12 Gauge shotguns, this Strikeforce Six Position Adjustable Side Folding TactLite Shotgun Stock with Scorpion Recoil system will enhance your experience while dressing up your shotgun. The Troy Modular Vertical Grip has on board storage for batteries or other . SVD/Tiger Buttstock $499 $174.55 Save 37% VEPR. Technical Information:. Hide Filters Show Filters Firearm Model Saiga 7.62 (2) Saiga 12/20 (2) Brand Monstrum . Good Condition. The gun comes with 2 -5 round magazines and has a rail mounted on.. Checkk This Out I brought My speedloader at https://raeind.com/. . Their contact information can be found linked below: The co-planar top rail keeps all accessories such as optics, night vision, or thermal devices properly aligned. Pasted as rich text. Tactical quad rails fit Saiga 12 gauge shotguns and compatible variants, and is constructed of CNC machined aircraft aluminum. Garmin is no stranger to wrist-based computer solutions for the outdoors and shooting industries. UTG PRO MTU002 Tactical Quad Rail Short Top is a lightweight aircraft grade aluminium handguard with sling swivel, designed for installation on Saiga carbines. Easily mounts to KeyMod handguards.Allows you to attach vertical grips, lights, lasers and much more to your handguard. Their adoption by police and military both inside and outside of Russia are a testament to their usefulness in a combat role, and their popularity with sports shooters around the world suggests something similar. Picatinny Mounting Deck to Slide on and Screw Tight. Mosin-Nagant Scope Rail by "KPYK". Designed as part of an integrated system the Gen-3 Hand Guard offers greater levels of functionality, modularity, and durability.