After 23 December a total of eight events were detected before seismicity briefly subsided. The island is 30 m high above lake level and is approximately 600 m in length along its longest axis NW-SE. Most of the more than 17,000 evacuees were allowed to return to their homes on 14 May, including residents of the two largest towns near the volcano, Georgetown and Chateaubelair. Measurements have been made on near-vertical air photos of the crater taken on 11 February and kindly placed at our disposal by Mrs. M. Barnard. Conditions were very unfavorable, with high winds, poor visibility, and frequent rockfalls from the flanks of the dome which are now relatively steep. Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Ash was collected and photographs were taken. Two seismic stations were installed on the flank of the volcano at Wallibou (SVV) and at the summit (SSVA) on 6 and 18 January, respectively. Frequent explosive eruptions after about 4,300 years ago produced pyroclastic deposits of the Yellow Tephra Formation, which cover much of the island. H.H. The dome also grew taller and spread laterally to the NW and SE. . University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater continued to slowly grow during 23-27 March, expanding to the N and S. Gas-and-steam continued to rise from the top of the dome, as well as along the contact with the pre-existing 1979 dome. of Michigan; R. Fiske, SI. Weather radar, wind and waves forecast for kiters, surfers, paragliders, pilots, sailors and anyone else. Table 1 summarizes observations at the crater. En cliquant sur ce bouton, vous acceptez nos. Data is the average of three determinations; analysis was done by the U.S. Geological Survey. of East Anglia. Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the, EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. Several vents were identified or inferred by emissions points of gas-and-steam and ash plumes. This is the first time the volcano has erupted since 1979. Composition of the lava. The water level is rising faster again with a 38-cm increase in the last 48 hours, but the temperature at the lake edge remains steady at 82C. A period of tremor at 1649 on 18 April was accompanied by an explosion that sent an ash plume to 8 km altitude and drifted S and SW (figure 30). Lahars likely descended all valleys in the Red and Orange zones, and some were hot and visibly steaming. On 22 April at 1108 explosions generated an ash plume that rose to 8 km altitude and drifted mainly N over the ocean (figure 31). A series of powerful explosions from Soufrire produced large ash clouds and several pyroclastic avalanches, forcing the evacuation of more than 17,000 persons from the N end of St. Vincent. The VAAC noted that at 1850 a new ash emission rose to 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. Green Fig Resort & Spa Upper Palmiste Road Soufriere, St. Lucia. This activity marks the beginning of the effusive eruption and the formation of the new lava dome. Successive explosions and ash pulses fed the plume for hours and it rose to 16 km (52,000 ft) a.s.l. Soufrire St. Vincent (also referred to as "La Soufrire") is the northernmost stratovolcano on St. Vincent Island in the southern part of the Lesser Antilles. Depth soundings in the southern part of the Soufriere St. Vincent crater lake, 2 March 1972. This lava dome is gradually emerging above the water level, higher and higher at approximately 4-6 feet per day. NEMO reported that the growth rate of the lava dome ranged from 1.9 to 2.13 m3/s (figure 14). This may be a local phenomenon, due to relatively small output of lava into the southern part of the lake in the last few days, and we believe that other inaccessible regions of the lake are hotter. As a result, more than 20,000 people were evacuated. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Recorded eruptions date back to 1718, with notable eruptions occurring in 1812, 1902, and 1979. | February The NE rim of the 1.6-km-wide summit crater is cut by a crater (500 m wide and 60 m deep) that formed in 1812. The rate declined at around 1400 and then significantly dropped at 1600, though small VT events continued to be detected through 1800. Periods of tremor and near-constant swarms of LP and hybrid events were recorded on 16 April. Height of the lava island has remained constant at 226 feet above 3 November datum since 20 March, or some 316 feet above present water level. A hot avalanche from one of the earlier explosions traveled 2.5 km SE from the summit, down the Rabacca Valley, and the 17 April explosion produced numerous hot avalanches that moved down several valleys on the flanks of the cone. Card 1359 (29 February 1972) John F. Tomblin, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. This depth is 48.5 ft less than the maximum obtained during the previous sounding survey on 27 January, and confirms that the lava dome is still expanding horizontally across the former lake floor. Seismicity ended almost completely at about 0300 on 29 April. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 20: 1-56. A team from Guadeloupe's volcanological observatory measured a temperature of 239C from the fumaroles in late May, and collected samples from the dome. Seismicity dropped to low levels after the explosive event and remained at low levels through 27 April; only a few LP, hybrid and VT earthquakes were recorded. The maximum water depth recorded was 99.5 ft, at a point approximately halfway between the island and the lake edge. The N part of this valley is the most actively steaming area of the dome. The average SO2 flux was 992 tons/day on 23 April, again recorded from the W coast. Lahar deposits were reported in the Sandy Bay area. During an overflight on 26 April scientists observed white steam plumes rising from several locations on the crater floor, though visibility was poor. It was approximately 900 m N to S, 750 m E to W, and at least 100 m deep, based on RADAR data (figure 29). Sulfur dioxide emissions were successfully measured by ground-based instruments; scientists on a Coast Guard boat along the W coast recorded 809 tons/day. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 232 and 391 tons per day on 17 and 18 April, respectively. Card 1388 (02 May 1972) Crater situation unchanged in over a month. The distance from the S shore of the crater lake to the island is approximately 12 m. Table 2. The surface temperatureof this deposit was well in excess of 100C when it was inspected 28 hours after emplacement. Confirmed Eruption University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater continued to grow during 20-26 January. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the effusive eruption at Soufrire St. Vincent (often simply referred to as La Soufriere) became explosive on 9 April after a period of increased seismicity, gas emission, and rapid dome growth. Scientists reported darkness at the observatory at 1617; video showed intense and continuous ashfall. The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Expand each entry for additional details. Harmonic tremor continued to saturate the instruments from 2200 on 12 April through 1600 on 14 April. This was the 30th distinct explosion since the explosive phase began. In: Lindsay J M, Robertson R E A, Shepherd J B, Ali S (eds). Watch volcanoes live and catch an eruption in action! Seismic data are transmitted from field sites to the Belmont Observatory (9 km SSW), which is operated by the SMU. The VAAC stated that a dense ash plume rose to 11 km altitude and drifted E, SE, N, and NE (figure 27). NEMO reminded the public to avoid the volcano and that descending into the crater remained extremely dangerous. Pele, Martinique, in 1902-05 and 1929-32. A few small daily earthquakes were recorded. This part is the "red zone" of the volcanic hazard maps for St. Vincent and upwards of 16,000 people live in the region. Ashfall continued to be widespread on 10 April; deposit thickness varied from less than 1 mm in Colonaire (~12.5 km SSE) to 10-15 mm in Rabacca (~7.4 km SSE). The sticky basaltic andesite lava like the dome that had been forming at La Soufrire (above) can trap gases as new magma rises underneath, creating pressure that can lead to a more explosive style of eruption. Over the past few months, experts have been watching the activity at La Soufrire on St. Vincent closely as, at first, sticky black lava oozed out to form a new lava dome at the volcano's summit. During 14 April seismicity continued to be characterized by episodes of tremor about 13-15 hours apart, separated by swarms of small LP earthquakes. Powered by www.VolcanoDiscovery.com An assessment of the risk from future eruptions of the Soufriere volcano of St. Vincent, West Indies. An "explosive" volcanic eruption has blanketed the Caribbean island of St Vincent in ash and smoke and forced thousands of people out of . The temperature was 46C on 7 May and 41C on 11 May. Aseismic lava extrusion persists; heavy rains generate large secondary mudflows. The situation in the crater remains the same as it has been for more than a month. Save up to 40% off the cover price when you subscribe to Discover magazine. Pyroclastic flows traveled about 6 km WSW, reached the ocean at Wallibou Bay, and extended past the coastline over the sea. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory stated that a sulfur odor and minor ashfall from Soufrire St. Vincent was observed on their island (390 km NNW). La Soufrire, a stratovolcano on the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, began an effusive eruption on 27 December 2020. Information gained since our last report gives grounds for optimism with regards to events in the Soufrire and we consider that the probability of a violent eruption is decreasing. The Dust Veil Index for the 1902 eruption of Soufrire was calculated at 300; the Krakatau 1883 eruption = 1,000. For the first time sulfur dioxide emissions were successfully measured by ground-based instruments; scientists recorded 809 tons per day from a Coast Guard boat along the W coast. First Name. Periods of banded tremor began at 0330 on 10 April, lasting for periods of 20-30 minutes with 1-3-hour gaps. The increase in the rate of growth of the island which occurred on 9 February is continuing at present. His report was confirmed 1 November by a government official who flew over the crater in a small plane.". Observations on 14 January revealed that the dome was growing taller as well as expanding to the E and W. During an overflight on 15 January scientists saw extensive vegetation damage on the E, S, and W inner crater walls; damage previously noted along the upper part of the SW crater rim had expanded downslope. info@greenfigresort.com reservations@greenfigresort.com Tel. A small lava dome with fresh magma emerged at the base of the existing dome in the crater of the La Soufriere volcano in St. Vincent on Wednesday. Many of the evacuees were. Some of the several thousand evacuees work in the area during the day, but most leave at night. and drifted mainly N over the sea. A VEI 4 is defined as between 10 8 and 10 9 m 3 of ash and tephra. Latest nearby quakes. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Ash rises into the air as La Soufriere volcano erupts on the eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent, seen from Chateaubelair, Friday, April 9, 2021. Staff members of the Soufrire Monitoring Unit (SMU) made visual observations of the crater on 16 December and reported minor changes in fumarolic activity and a small lake on the E side of the crater floor. Some daily earthquakes were recorded during 7-15 June. No sub-surface earthquakes have been recorded in this period nor have any earthquakes been reported felt. Smaller lahars were recorded during the mornings of 30 April and 1 May. Last Name. Card 1394 (22 May 1972) Water temperature and level decrease. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater that first formed on 27 December continued to grow during 6-12 January. Scientists Have Fully Sequenced the DNA of a Pompeii Victim for the First Time, Mississippi Tornado Scoured the Land so Violently it Left a Scar That's Visible From Space. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The water level was -97 feet on 15 May, -98 feet on 22 May, and -98.5 feet on 25 May, and is now 13.5 feet below the original level of the lake. The VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to 12.2-16 km altitude throughout the day and continued to drift long distances to the ENE, E, and SE. There was a temporary failure of all three seismograph stations in the vicinity of the Soufrire, between 14-15 February. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. On 1 January 2021 a new seismic station was installed at Georgetown, on 10 January one was installed in Owia, followed on 15 January by another on the upper S flank, station SSVA at the summit on 18 January, and in Fancy on 21 January. Reference. Table 6. The Washington VAAC stated that ash plumes during 9-10 April had drifted as far as 1,200 km ESE and about 3,000 km ENE. Home; After that it grew about 15 m to the NW and SE, according to 11 and 15 February reports (figure 13). Observations on 14 January showed that the dome was growing taller and expanding to the E and W. An overflight on 15 January showed extensive vegetation damage on the E, S, and W inner crater walls; damage previously noted on the upper SW crater rim had expanded downslope (figure 11). The drop in lake level has accelerated slightly in this period and is now approximately 1 foot 6 inches every 24 hours. And a larger. En cliquant sur ce bouton, vous acceptez nos Conditions et notre Politique de confidentialit.Commentaires anonymes vont apparatre sur le site aprs l'acceptation par le modrateur. Lava extrusion at Soufrire continued through July. - Part I.. J Petr, 39: 1721-1764. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.10.1721. Since 20 March the island in the middle of the crater lake has maintained a maximum height of 226 feet on he western summit. "In Card 1336 it was stated by Sigurdsson and Shepherd that 'the new hot lava is significantly more basaltic, i.e., lower in silica (55.3%) than the products of the most violent phases of the 1902 eruption, which were more andesitic in composition, with silica content of 56-58%.' Get unlimited access for as low as $1.99/month, The volcanoes of the West Indies have produced some of the. The eruption was largely effusive and resulted in the emergence of a steep-sided island. As of 2004, the monitoring network had consisted of five seismic stations, eight GPS stations, and several dry tilt sites. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). With the exception of a 20-minute period of tremor during the night of 29-30 April, the volcano has remained seismically quiet through early 3 May. The water level was 94 ft on 23 April, 95 ft 6 inches on 7 May and 96 ft on 11 May. The mean diameter of the lava extrusion increased by only 1.5 m between 2 and 25 October, to 870 m, and the maximum height remained ~130 m. Vigorous steaming from the lava was continuing in late October, but the number of small local earthquakes recorded by the summit seismograph had declined markedly since early October. No local earthquakes have been recorded by tremors associated with rockfalls on the island continue to occur. Shepherd, J. The NE rim of the 1.6-km wide summit crater is cut by a crater formed in 1812. The public was allowed to return to their homes in the Yellow and Orange zones, though access to the Red Zone remained restricted. Growth of the 2020/21 lava dome produced small, hot rockfalls and gas-and-steam emissions that were visible from the Belmont Observatory. Table 1 summarizes daily measurements [during 23-31 December] at the Soufrire. Further, we had just completed a GPS campaign on the island during January 2005, which revealed nothing unusual. 4550, p. 1105-1126 (11 papers). NEMO reminded the public to avoid the volcano and that descending into the crater remained extremely dangerous. Chemical analysis of Soufriere St. Vincent samples from the island in the crater lake collected on 13 December 1971. The most noticeable feature of this period has been the very small number of crater tremors, and no tremors have been recorded since 7 March. Most of the later explosions were preceded by brief periods (up to 3 hours) of seismic quiet. Fresh, hot material is also visible surrounding the thermal anomaly, which demonstrates the growth of the lava dome over time. Periods of banded tremor associated with explosive activity and stronger pulses of ash emissions to higher altitudes began at 0330 on 10 April, lasting for periods of 20-30 minutes with 1-3 hour gaps. UWI-SRC stated that a large explosion was recorded around 2300. Information Contacts: Haraldur Sigurdsson and J.P. Shepherd, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. The present rate of drop in water level is 4 inches per day, but the lake has finally reached its pre-eruption level, 85 feet below 3 November datum. Card 1400 (09 June 1972) Water temperatures and level stabilize. Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. Volcanologists monitoring the volcano will need to see if the new magma erupting is more gas rich, and thus more explosive, to try to understand how this eruption might progress. On 19 March the dome was 105 m tall, 921 m long, and 243 m wide, with an estimated volume of 13.13 million cubic meters, based on drone surveys (figure 18). When the lake was at its highest level on November 20th, it was thus some 92.5 feet above the normal pre-eruption level. This showed that the dome had expanded to 640 m (2,130 ft) in N-S diameter at water level and 590 m (1,970 ft) from E to W. This represents an increase in both horizontal dimensions at water level by 50 m in the last 17 days. Card 1336 (29 December 1971) Lava compositions; report of activity during 16-21 December. The summit seismic station recorded 50-200 small earthquakes per day during July, but none of these were detected by instruments on the flanks. As of 2004, the monitoring network had consisted of five seismic stations, eight GPS stations, and several dry tilt sites. Gas-and-steam continued to rise from the top of the dome as well as along the contact between the old and new domes. This land mass is 50-feet in height at the highest point as of 28 November, and the area covered by this larger island is over 100 m in diameter. Thus the present eruption in St. Vincent is likely to continue for one year and could possibly continue for two. B., Aspinall, W. P., Rowley, K. C., Pereira, J., Sigurdsson, H., Fiske, R. S., Tomblin, J. F., 1979. No comprehensive survey of the island has been carried out during this period but from visual observation the general shape is still as previously described. Box 1517, Castries, Saint Lucia, West Indies (URL: http://nemo.gov.lc/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. The NE rim of the 1.6-km-wide summit crater is cut by a crater (500 m wide and 60 m deep) that formed in 1812. The Alert Level remained at Orange. Courtesy of the Seismic Research Unit. 1178, p. 425-533. The eastern edge of the gas plume reached about 4,700 km to the W coast of Africa by 12 April, and another 2,000 km inland to Mali and Niger on 13 April. Confirmed Eruption, 0750 BCE 100 years Dome survey shows expansion; growth rate slows in March, Card 1364 (07 March 1972) Crater observations, 17-28 February. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that the lava dome in Soufrire St. Vincents main crater continued to grow during 10-16 February. The first two explosion clouds on 13 April were smaller, and the explosion reported at 0300 on 14 April produced no infrared signature. Episodes of tremor indicating movement of magma and fluids close to the surface began at 0300 on 8 April and were again recorded at 0530, 0800, 1015, and 1300, slowly increasing in magnitude. The rate of LP and hybrid events dropped significantly at 2000. Sulfur dioxide emissions were again measured from a boat near the W coast, revealing a flux of 350 tons per day. The water level continued to decrease, but at a slightly higher average rate, from 1.5 inches/day to 2.0 inches/day. St. Vincent evacuated ahead of 'imminent' eruption of La Soufrire volcano - CNN Video JUST WATCHED Caribbean island evacuated ahead of 'imminent' volcano eruption Replay MUST WATCH World. The occurrence of crater tremors was practically zero, with one tremor recorded during the last two weeks. 2005: February, Sources: University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC); National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Alert Level remained at Orange. Successive explosions and ash pulses fed the plume for hours, rising to 16 km altitude. Blocky lava had flowed to the N wall of the crater, reaching maximum dimensions of 725 m across and 110 m high according to their tape and compass survey. . An explosion produced an ash plume that rose to 8 km (26,200 ft) a.s.l. This part is the "red zone" of the volcanic hazard maps for St. Vincent and upwards of 16,000 people live in the region. Large numbers of massive dense remnants of the 1971 dome and scoria blocks up to 60 cm in diameter were also found in this zone. On 11 April 1972, H. Sigurdsson reported that "the Soufriere eruption has now ceased. Confirmed Eruption, 2310 BCE 100 years Naples - Mount Vesuv. The Washington VAAC reported a new ash emission rising to 7.6 km altitude at 1850 that was associated with a thermal anomaly. Observations. Confirmed Eruption High-amplitude tremor episodes had stopped, but two low-amplitude and one high-amplitude episodes were recorded during 0600-1700. The new dome had spread over the remnants of the old crater lake by about 20 May, but a new lake had begun to form at the beginning of June because of the onset of the rainy season. By 17 April an Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris scientist reported that the crater was about 900 m N to S, at least 750 m E to W, and about 100 m deep based on RADAR data. Small earthquakes associated with dome growth were recorded on 7 April. Activity during December 2020. The dome continued to grow during 27 January-2 February. A new effusive eruption had built a lava dome in the summit crater of Soufrire St. Vincent when observed on 29 December by personnel from the National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO), St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Alert Level was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Gas emissions continued to damage vegetation in the summit area as well as on the SW flank. An episode of tremor that began at 1135 was associated with increased explosive activity, though the emissions were gas rich and less energetic than previous events. This may account for some of the drop in water level. Montserrat, West Indies (UK), 16.72N / -62.18W. Rumors of warm water in the stream S of Windsor Forest village were checked by ground observations on 17 December and found to be untrue. The composition of the lava is that of a basaltic andesite, virtually identical with older Soufrire lavas such as those at Warbishy River, in the cliffs around the Larikai River, Morne Ronde Point, Campobello Bay, and the numerous lava flows which form the cliffs surrounding the Soufrire crater. The. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. Robertson R E A, 1995. Those eruptions lasted months, so if this cycle is similar, people may need to stay away from the volcano (and their homes) for quite a long time. The Washington VAAC stated that ash plumes during 9-10 April had drifted as far as 1,200 km ESE and about 3,000 km ENE. Simon Carn noted that this makes the La Soufriere eruption the largest tropical SO2 emission since the 2011 Nabro eruption, and the largest in the Caribbean since satellite measurements began in 1979. Revegetation of the areas devastated by the 1979 eruption had begun by mid-June. The island has now reached a height of 120 feet above water level and continues to grow in area as new lava spreads laterally in the lake. You can switch between the current (or last daylight) view from this cam and the most recent daylight view via the two thumbnail images. Multiple significant lahars were generated by rainfall during 28-29 April. Activity during April 2021. Information Contacts: Card 1388 (02 May 1972) J.B. Shepherd and W.P. Water was sometimes present in the crater, especially after heavy rains, but the volume of water remained small and water depths did not exceed ~1 m. Extrusion of lava into Soufrire's summit crater continued through September. Le Friant A, Boudon G, Arnulf A, Robertson R E A, 2009. Small VT earthquakes were recorded around 1800. Almorales, Seismic Research Unit, University of the West Indies. Newsletter. University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) and National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) reported that seismicity at Soufrire St. Vincent (often simply referred to as La Soufriere) remained low during 17-24 May, with a few long-period and volcano-tectonic earthquakes occasionally recorded. The greatest heights on the eastern and northern summits are 196 and 211 feet, respectively. Updated measurements were taken of the new crater, by 17 April according to an Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris scientist. Tremor starting at 2100 lasted about 40 minutes and may have been associated with a minor increase in venting. 1.9 to 2.13 m3/s ( figure 14 ) the water level was 94 ft on 11 April,! On 17 and 18 April, lasting for periods of tremor about 13-15 hours apart, separated swarms. 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Island continue to occur during 0600-1700 the W coast recorded 809 tons/day scientists on a coast Guard along..., seismic Research Unit, University of the 2020/21 lava dome is gradually emerging above the normal pre-eruption level ash... H. Sigurdsson reported that the growth of the several thousand evacuees work in area. At night were detected la soufriere webcam instruments on the SW flank 11 May organized. And 10 9 m 3 of ash and Tephra above the water level, higher higher. Coast Guard boat along the contact between the old and new domes access to the island in the Sandy area! Above the normal pre-eruption level explosion clouds on 13 December 1971 large secondary mudflows emissions that were visible the... Hot rockfalls and gas-and-steam emissions that were visible from the island is 30 m high above lake and! Anyone else temperature and level stabilize was allowed to return to their homes in the crater floor, small... The same as it has been for more than a month on 23 April again. The crater remained extremely dangerous the situation in the emergence of a steep-sided island seismic quiet 1 by! Visibly steaming measurements were taken of the Yellow and Orange zones, and extended the! Stopped, but none of these la soufriere webcam detected by instruments on the is. Was inspected 28 hours after emplacement 9-10 April had drifted as far as 1,200 km ESE and about 3,000 ENE! A flux of 350 tons per day during July, but at a slightly average. To decrease, but at a point approximately halfway between the island is 30 m high lake!