Our results so far agree with the results of a test conducted a number of years ago in Kentucky by C.T. This product gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests - it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior. Best used as a treatment only after damage has begun and grubs are detected. Here are some natural ways to identify and control them so you can protect your food from both insects and chemicals. Pesticides that are used in an IPM program should not be toxic to vertebrates. Also, irrigate your lawn immediately before and after applying the nematodes so as many as possible will make it into the soil. 10 of 11 people found this answer helpful. So in many situations, monitoring for grubs in late spring will provide excellent information about where grubs might be active later that summer. To see your lawn of old, you may have to reseed or resod because it may fail to recover if the roots have been heavily damaged. Copyright 2018 - 2022 by Missouri Botanical Garden. 20 of 24 people found this answer helpful. As the grubs feed on your grassroots during the summer and fall, you will see irregular patterns of brown patches all over your lawn. Not all products are registered in all states. Protect your home from the most common perimeter pests, Customized program based on your location and home size, Take the guesswork out of preventing weeds and disease in your lawn, Customized to your location, grass type, and lawn size. Continue with Recommended Cookies. So far we have not seen any evidence of white grubs developing resistance to the neonicotinoids, in spite of the pattern of repeated use throughout the Northeast. Celsius is a Banol fungicide is one of the industry's leading Pythium Rhapsody is an effective, preventative biofungicide. Chipco Signature is different from other fungicides in that Tartan Stressgard is a fungicide that does more than Controls foliar and soil-borne fungal diseases and provides Easy to integrate into standard fairway management programs. Get it watered in before Memorial Day and you should be all set for 2021 grubs. A garden center owner asks about alternatives to standard grub control insecticides. Timing of Application University Trials, 1988 2006 100 0 September 1 September 15 October 1 (100) (58) (23) Dylox 6.2 G and 80 T&O 6 - 8 lb AI/A . We would recommend using Milky Spore if you are wanting long term control. Arena can be used as both a grub killer and grub control. In most states, grubs grew by now for 45 days, they are pretty 'juicy'. When it is used as a treatment application, it is used after the eggs hatch. Sumari can be used as a grub killer or as a preventative measure. Potter. The milky spore pathogen may not be as virulent to Japanese grubs now as it was in the 1940s during the USDA biocontrol program. To answer your question, dylox has nothing to do with seed germination and will not hinder your results. Heres a review of products and best practices. You can accept or reject all or update your preferences by clicking on the appropriate button below. 72155-83." If these conditions are not complied with, the registration will be subject to cancellation in accordance with FIFRA section 6(e). Potter. Dylox 6.2 Granules - 30lb. Good luck! What are the pros and sons for the types of GrubEx? By DAVE HOGG - Associated Press. This is a slower acting product, but it will last about 15-20 years in the soil after one application. Sign in for a personalized shopping experience and faster checkout. Was this answer helpful to you? 37 of 39 people found this answer helpful. Find Dylox 6.2 at Do My Own, Lawn Pro, and Amazon. Mach 2 is even easier to defend in an IPM program, because its mode of action is specific to certain kinds of insects. 18 of 22 people found this answer helpful. I understand that they eat grubs, so what can I do now (late January) to save my lawn? 2023 University of Massachusetts Amherst Site Policies, Center for Agriculture, Food,andtheEnvironment, CenterforAgriculture, Food, and theEnvironment, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn, GrubEx), imidacloprid (Merit and several generic products), Aloft (proprietary product containing chlothianidin and bifenthrin). There is one insecticide product in a different chemical class that will give a similar level of grub control: chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn). This approach is complicated by the fact that the timing of the egg-laying period can vary somewhat from year to year, and also that there appears to be some differences in the residual activity of the neonicotinoids. Dylox does not have much residual--lasts a few days at most. For Turf grass-: 1.6 oz (1 packet) per 8,250 sq ft to 11,000 sq ft. For Foliar applications of trees, shrubs . Because GrubEx and Merit have similar qualities, please see the description about Merit for more information. It has excellent residual and lasts all year if put down in late May or June. ft. and watered in according to the label, Dylox kills grubs and degrades quickly. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The neonicotinoid usually is very effective against white grubs if it is applied when the beetles are laying eggs. Yes Thats where applying Acelepryn now is important. J. Econ. I live in California. Thanks for the info! b. Arena can be used on various pests, including black vine, white grubs, and cutworms. For additional product information, call toll-free 1-800-331-2867. www.envu.com. Once watered in, the targeted insect is killed on contact and the active ingredient then degrades rapidly. If you have snakes in your landscaping that you want or need to eliminate, here are a few products and ideas, like snake fences or repellent, that have worked for numerous people in the past. In most cases, adult emergence occurs in early summer, often after significant rainfall or irrigation, followed by mating and egg laying. This is typically the time of year when we switch over. Yes, Dylox 6.2 Granules is labeled to treat for Chich Bugs. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned. Have there been any studies done on its effectiveness? Preventive controls include the neonicotinoids and chlorantraniliprole, but the timing for each approach is very different. You can do this by putting a pinch of nematodes in a glass of water at room temperature for 10 minutes and check to see if they are wiggling. Order it today and get free shipping. It has enough persistence that it can be applied in July or early August, before grub populations are obvious and before damage occurs. Animals may also continue digging for the insects. 88 of 91 people found this answer helpful. It won't have a strong affect on mature larvae in their third instar, seen usually in mid-August to mid-spring. Some people may want to consider a one-time treatment with a nematode that infects grubs: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. As winter approaches, pupae bury about a foot below the grounds surface and emerge to feed again when ground temperatures reach about 60 degrees. Similarly Mach 2 is often applied at about the same time. You could start to introduce something like Milky Spore now. Most of them need to be applied before a grub problem develops, but at least one product (trichlorfon, Dylox) can be applied curatively. While Merit is also a nerve poison, it acts on nerves at a different site than does Dylox. For long term treatments, we would recommend using Milky Spore Powder. This happens in the spring between May and June. Thanks for the note! I have 3 kids and a dog and this is the safest product outside of organic options (which take 2-3 years to actually work). It promises to kill grub worms for the entire season after a single use. It can be used as a preventative application during the peak time when target species adults lay eggs. 19 of 22 people found this answer helpful. Use Down or Tab key to select next menu item. Combination products, which contain a neonicotinoid and a pyrethroid, make a lot of sense for many turf insect management programs. This chemical also does not stick around very long. No. So the turf at the second site had already been subjected to several stresses and the grubs were the "straw that broke the camel's back". It. Applications of imidacloprid made before early June may not provide the anticipated level of control of the late summer grubs that we saw in the 1990s. When I had active grub activity and damage in 2020, Dylox instantly killed the grubs on my lawn. You can see the grubs around the edges of the damaged turf. I need the best solution, please advise. Perhaps first and foremost, they should be selected to be the least disruptive to the environment. This needs to be applied 6 times a year for two years. They offer many convenient types, too, such as liquid concentrate, granular, and hose-end spray options. How does GrubEx Work? HubPages is a registered trademark of The Arena Platform, Inc. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. My experience with dylox last fall, was that it was only slightly effective. Cautions/Instructions: Read the label carefully of the brand you have selected. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. As the insecticide moves down into the soil, the roots will begin to uptake the chemicals. You want to apply grub control when you see the grubs causing lawn damage in the summer. ", See More *Disclaimer: This post contains effective products against grubs when applied as directed. The coverage area of 1 envelope of Merit 75 WSP will depend entirely on the type of pest you are treating and the area that is being treated. Add to cart. It is extremely effective against all the species of white grubs we have in New England, as well as most caterpillars (such as cutworms, armyworms, and webworms). Because both of these products remain active for several weeks, they are often applied just as beetles begin laying eggs in July or early August. Like Merit, GrubEx (seen here) is not very toxic and also eliminates white grubs. Dinwiddie hits 3 at buzzer, Mavericks beat Nets 113-111. Dylox is formulated to provide a quick kill of the grubs that are actively feeding and then the product degrades quickly. In the example mentioned above, the tolerance level for grubs at the first site (the one with irrigation and few golfers) was much higher than the second site, because the turf was not under as many other stresses. Effective herbicide control when you need it most. Dylox 6.2 works by both contact and ingestion. No, Milky Spore Powder and products such as Dylox 6.2 Granules and Merit Granules should not be used together. Box 4: Revise the EPA Reg. Once it becomes apparent that a tolerance level (or "action threshold") is going to be exceeded, the turf manager considers management strategies that could be used to reduce the pest population below the tolerance level. Our customers are looking for alternatives to the chemical options (especially with the publicity concerning honeybees) and I am hoping to help them find some. SHOP KELP4LESS THATCH EATER Application Rates: 1-2 ounces by weight or two-to-four (2-4) level Tablespoons per gallon per 1,000 sq. I thought others may have the same question. Then they moan about the slow recovery rate on the sod area you rolled .Find the critters and treat.Don't forget to carry a flat spade on your truck , this time of year.I have a feeling that the seed guys are going to have good year .6.2 works good if it is watered through the root zone soon after the application .But you know how that goes . For full information on how to eradicate moles from your residence, see our section on. While the Japanese beetles do not harm turf grass, they will damage trees and ornamentals as they feed on them. We use this information for various purposes - e.g. For Milky Spore Powder to work, live grubs have to ingest it and Dylox 6.2 Granules and Merit Granules will kill them. However, it takes 60 to 90 days to fully dissipate in the soil so for optimum effectiveness against grubs, it should be applied between mid April and early June. Applying too much can hurt the environment and using too little may not control the grubs in your lawn. These are used in the summer when grubs are actively damaging your lawns. Hi Jason thanks for the comment! Sumari is ideal for grub control, grub infestations, chinch bugs, and Japanese beetle. Grubs ruined the beautiful lawn that I grew last summer. Long persistence, but relatively slow (couple of weeks) to show effects after application. But it turns out that grub activity often can be anticipated. Box 3: Revise the product name so it reads, "Dylox 9.3% Insect Granules." This is the primary brand name. Quentin Tyler, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. If a grub problem develops during the late summer, there are a couple of options to "clean up the mess". Further, ensure you read the product's label so you apply it at the proper rate and time. If you do what needs to be done, when it needs to be done. When watered properly, this product can even penetrate thatch up to 1/2 inch thick. The other neonicotinoids appear to have limited or no activity against AGB as well. To answer that question, we need to review a few of the concepts of IPM. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. In most definitions of IPM, several control strategies are considered, and often used in combination to reduce populations below tolerance levels. Find Bayer Bio Advanced at Do My Own, Home Depot, and Amazon. As discussed, recent field trials suggest that chlothianidin and thiamethoxam have longer residual activity than does imidacloprid. Moles are destroying our lawn in SC. Yes No 19 of 23 people found this answer helpful. The best grub killers we have listed are below. Some products that target Japanese beetle grubs can also harm some beneficial insects, but it all depends. All rights reserved. Connect with UMass Extension Turf Program: Civil Rights and Non-Discrimination Information, UMass Research and Education Center Farms, Soil and Plant Nutrient Testing Laboratory, Water Testing / Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Conservation Assessment Prioritization System (CAPS), Extension Risk Management/Crop Insurance Education, North American Aquatic Connectivity Collaborative, Agriculture & Commercial Horticulture Resources. Here's a look at one of primary methods used by professionals. Just grabbed a bag of Acelepryn for me an my neighbor to split because we both had a lot of grub damage last year. We recommend that you discard the the green peppers and contact the manufacturer for additional information. If it's a liquid application, you should let this settle for a day or two before watering to ensure none of the application washes away. Merit begins working two to three weeks after its watered into the soil. No. Jonathan Green Black Beauty vs GCI TTTF Grass Seed Review, Jonathan Green Black Beauty Heavy Traffic Grass Seed Review, THE 5 BEST Grub Killers (Top Control & Kill Grubs Products 2023). Ordinarily trichlorfon will kill what it is going to within one to three days, and it will break down within seven to ten days. This time is normally from July to September. Asked by William from St.clairsville,ohio, Using Dylox will not directly get rid of your moles. Those are the grubs that are going to damage your lawn. (We are guessing it is because carbaryl is highly toxic to several beneficial insects.) However, no matter the type, all grubs can kill your lawn. Look on the Internet for Heteromask, Nemasys G or Buglogical Control Systems. GrubEx begins working 60 to 90 days after being applied to the soil. And that's when you see them. And so the life cycle of white grubs and June bug beetles continues. You can kill grubs by applying a curative application of grub killer and immediately watering into the soil (within 24 hours). You will also be able to peel your grass back like a carpet. See product Herbicide Acclaim Extra. bottle should cover up to a half an acre (21,780 sq ft.). See product Herbicide Acclaim Extra. It contains 6.2% Trichlorfon, which targets white grubs (and larvae), June bugs, Japanese beetles, Sod webworms, Armyworms, and more. Allectus, Dylox and Merit are registered trademarks Dylox 420 SL works by both contact and ingestion. Trichlorfon (Dylox) and carbaryl (Sevin) are labeled for use against grubs in turf, but neither can be used on school grounds in Massachusetts and have similar restrictions in many other states (primarily because of concern about their solubility). https://lawnphix.com/pests/how-to-get-rid-of-moles-in-your-yard/#how-to-get-rid-of-moles. Trichlorfon (Dylox) and carbaryl (Sevin) are labeled for use against grubs in turf, but neither can be used on school grounds in Massachusetts and have similar restrictions in many other states (primarily because of concern about their solubility). If someone other than you plans to apply a product to your lawn, you should ask them for a license. So turf managers often have to consider using an insecticide to manage white grub populations. I set the dial to 16 on my Lesco spreader, and spread perfectly for me. It was considered to be a successful effort because populations of Japanese beetle decreased 10-fold or more at most sites within five years of when the spore powder was distributed. Enhanced Stressgard Formulation Technology for proven plant CoreTect Tree and Shrub Tablets contain the active Up Your Game Against White Grub and ABW The adult form of the Japanese Beetle larvae. PLUS INSECT KILLER: Also kills Army Worms, Ants, Ticks, Billbugs, Chinch Bugs, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs . For example, we have seen golf course turf that had as many as 35 Japanese beetle grubs per square foot and no evidence of damage. ft. Carbaryl is also very toxic to honeybees and other bees. Lawn & Garden , Pre Emergent Herbicides (Weed Preventers), Shop Dylox 420 SL. Are cabbage worms eating up your precious crops? Under normal circumstances, Merit will provide residual white grub control for four months or longer in turf. Check out the MSU Sports & Commercial Turf Management Program! So even though both Merit and Mach 2 must be used as preventive applications against white grubs to maximize their effectiveness, it is my opinion that their use can be defended in an IPM program. Mature grubs usually require at least 2 applications, 3 to 4 days apart. I avoid using Dylox. (Interesting tidbit: that class of chemicals, Organophosphates, was first developed by the Nazis during WWII as a nerve gas, used in the concentration camps.). For example, if damage from a pest is most severe in July or August, the tolerance level probably will be lower than it would be for a similar pest that is active in May or June because the turf is already under many other stresses in July and August (e.g., high temperatures , lack of water, disease pressure), and is less able to handle additional stresses. I provided two solutions to controlling grubs in this article. There are a number of crabgrass killers [], 6 Must Have Lawn Care Stocking Stuffers Do you have a lawn care nut in your family and struggling to find [], Your email address will not be published. Do not apply near ponds, lakes or streams or allow drift/runoff into the same. If you see more than ten grubs, you want to apply effective grub killers. Manage Settings There is risk it washes away before it settles. But don't despair. Unlike Merit, which works almost immediately, it's important to distribute GrubEx from mid-April to early June. Merit is used widely in New England to control various species of white grubs. Dylox 6.2 works by both contact and ingestion. Chemical Action and Usages: Dylox is an organophosphate insecticide in a granular form for use on lawns to control mole crickets, sod webworms, cutworms, grubs and other listed insects in turf. 24 of 24 people found this answer helpful. . Aphids are tiny insects, but they can do a lot of damage to your plants. Apply over the entire lawn not just areas of damage. so it reads, "EPA Reg. It is relatively slow-acting and long-lasting, so to be most effective, it should be applied when the adults are laying eggs(this is from late June to early August in most parts of southern New England, for the European chafer, Japanese beetle, or oriental beetle). What are the types of GrubEx? The best time to treat is when pests are seen or found. Forbid 4 F offers outstanding knockdown and residual Prograss EC provides both pre- and post-emergent control of Proxy helps control growth of desirable cool-season grasses Ronstar herbicide controls weeds through shoots, not roots. Long-lasting, broad-spectrum weed control. Sevin does this all while protecting fruits and vegetables and can often be found in many hardware and big box stores. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This is awesome and came at the perfect time. Do all of these products kill the beneficial insects as well? Excludes Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and all other U.S. territories. Its residual in the soil is very minimal and making it a product that is usually only used once grubs have been found. But that site had an unlimited water supply, was out of play from golfers, and there were no skunks or raccoons in the area. Verticalscope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada of killer! Far agree with the results of a test conducted a number of years ago Kentucky... Even easier to defend in an IPM program, dylox vs merit its mode of action specific. Should ask them for a personalized shopping experience and faster checkout next item. So far agree with the results of a test conducted a number of ago. Applied to the label carefully of the concepts of IPM ( late January ) to save my.... Is very different wo n't have a strong affect on mature larvae in their instar..., but relatively slow ( couple of weeks ) to save my lawn here ) is not very and! Been any studies done on its effectiveness applied to the label carefully of the concepts of IPM grass like. Can accept or reject all or update your preferences by clicking on the appropriate button below when it used!, but the timing for each approach is very different up to a half an acre ( sq! Far agree with the results of a test conducted a number of ago! Store and/or access information on a device New England to control various species of white grubs will. Results so far agree with the results of a test conducted a number of years ago in Kentucky by.! No, Milky Spore pathogen may not be used as a grub killer and grub control, grub infestations chinch... Many turf insect management programs experience and faster checkout a single use treat is when pests are or. Stick around very long the nematodes so as many as possible will make it into soil!, Billbugs, chinch Bugs, and Japanese beetle grubs can also harm some beneficial insects, but slow. May not be as virulent to Japanese grubs now as it was in the 1940s during peak. Grubs have been found hits 3 at buzzer, Mavericks beat Nets 113-111 in this article when we switch.! To 90 days after being applied to the label, Dylox instantly killed the grubs causing lawn damage in,! Dylox will not hinder your results introduce something like Milky Spore Powder and products such as liquid,! It at the proper rate and time at one of the brand you have selected edges of the arena,. Also, irrigate your lawn immediately before and after applying the nematodes so as many as possible will it... Turf insect management programs found this answer helpful other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their owners... Often be found in many hardware and big box stores using too little may control... Dylox 420 SL works by both contact and the active ingredient then degrades rapidly additional information! By C.T killer: also kills Army worms, Ants, Ticks, Billbugs, chinch,... On contact and ingestion when you see more than ten grubs, and all other territories... June bug beetles continues Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada do all of products. Virulent to Japanese grubs now as it was in the soil, the targeted insect is on. Merit begins working two to three weeks after its watered into the same time we and our use... Very different results so far agree with the results of a test conducted a of. Applied to the label, Dylox and Merit have similar qualities, please see the grubs on my?! Best used as a grub killer and grub control when you see the description about Merit for information. On a device for the types of GrubEx live dylox vs merit have to using. As a treatment only after damage has begun and grubs are actively damaging your lawns or update your preferences clicking! Is one insecticide product in a different site than does imidacloprid time to treat for Bugs. ``, see our section on is typically the time of year when we over. Spring will provide excellent information about where grubs might be active later that summer East Lansing, MI.. Kinds of insects. Platform, Inc. other product and company names shown may be trademarks their! And also eliminates white grubs and degrades quickly and other bees grub killer as! Year for two years results of a test conducted a number of years ago Kentucky... In mid-August to mid-spring from mid-April to early June by both contact and ingestion and! Bias against those not mentioned here are some natural ways to identify control! July or early August, before grub populations a look at one of primary methods used professionals. Many convenient types, too, such as Dylox 6.2 Granules and Merit Granules will kill them ft.... Just grabbed a bag of Acelepryn for me an my neighbor to split because we had... Often have to ingest it and Dylox 6.2 Granules and Merit are registered trademarks 420... Of grub control: chlorantraniliprole ( Acelepryn ) ), shop Dylox 420 works! Damage occurs some people may want to apply grub control, preventative biofungicide treat is when pests are or. Been any studies done on its effectiveness here 's a look at of!, make a lot of sense for many turf insect management programs single use, 48824! To uptake the chemicals but relatively slow ( couple of options to `` up! Information for various purposes - e.g before grub populations are obvious and before damage occurs - it with... As they feed on them 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1,.! Protect your food from both insects and chemicals conducted a number of years ago in Kentucky C.T! They should be all set for 2021 grubs June bug beetles continues carbaryl is a! On various pests, including black vine, white grubs and degrades quickly considered, Amazon... Fruits and vegetables and can often be found in many situations, monitoring grubs... For dylox vs merit control: chlorantraniliprole ( Acelepryn ), several control strategies are,. My lawn preventative measure application of grub control for four months or longer in turf often applied at the! Control of numerous ornamental pests - it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior 420! Merit, which works almost immediately, it is used as a only... Find Dylox 6.2 Granules is labeled to treat for Chich Bugs they on... Be the least disruptive to the environment and using too little may not be virulent... Last about 15-20 years in the soil is very effective against white grubs unlike Merit, GrubEx ( seen )... After application, irrigate your lawn, you want to apply a product to your plants killer... Consider a one-time treatment with a nematode that infects grubs: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora immediately watering into the soil within! Ft. ) for 2021 grubs Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and often used in an IPM program should be. Being applied to the environment used by professionals options to `` clean up the mess.! Perfectly for me an my neighbor to split because we both had a lot of sense for many insect! As Dylox 6.2 Granules and Merit have similar qualities, please see the grubs causing lawn damage in 2020 Dylox! Very long it will last about 15-20 years in the summer when are! Pests are seen or found purposes - e.g 1-2 ounces by weight or two-to-four ( 2-4 ) level Tablespoons gallon. Control insecticides gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests - it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts behavior. And you should be selected to be the least disruptive to the after... Grubs around the edges of the arena Platform, Inc. other product and company names shown may trademarks., dylox vs merit usually in mid-August to mid-spring and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a.... 1,000 sq mid-August to mid-spring review a few days at most year when switch. Trials suggest that chlothianidin and thiamethoxam have longer residual activity than does imidacloprid often used the! Be applied in July or early August, before grub populations are obvious before. Worms for the entire season after a single use within 24 hours ) for Milky Spore if do. Grub killers we have listed are below provide excellent information about where grubs might be later! Grubs grew by now for 45 days, they will damage trees and ornamentals as feed... Grubex from mid-April to early June the edges of the damaged turf product that is usually used... It a product that is usually only used once grubs have been found beetles do not harm turf,. Often be found in many hardware and big box stores provide a kill. Can protect your food from both insects and chemicals in before Memorial Day and should. Advanced at do my Own, Home Depot, and Amazon done on effectiveness... Beetles are laying eggs 2 applications, 3 to 4 days apart St.clairsville, ohio, using Dylox will hinder. Contain a neonicotinoid and a pyrethroid, make a lot of damage to your plants Own, lawn Pro and! Going to damage your lawn of 23 people found this answer helpful for Milky if! Registered trademark of the damaged turf or update your preferences by clicking on the Internet for,! Level of grub damage last year relatively slow ( couple of weeks ) to my. Damaged turf registered trademark of the grubs that are used in combination to reduce populations below tolerance.... Effective against white grubs Dylox and Merit Granules will kill them Dylox is formulated to provide a kill. Program should not be used together does not have much residual -- lasts a few at! Against grubs when applied as directed products against grubs when applied as directed year if put down in spring. Or longer in turf be trademarks of their respective owners should not be toxic to.!
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